Featuring 3 Powers in 1 Pair of Reading Glasses

Form of vision aid

Glasses
A modern pair of glasses
Other names	Eyeglasses, glasses
Specialty	Ophthalmology, optometry
[edit on Wikidata]

Spectacles, too known as eyeglasses or spectacles, are vision eyewear, consisting of clear lenses mounted in a frame that holds them in front end of a person's eyes, typically utilizing a span over the nose and hinged arms (known as temples or temple pieces) which rest over the ears.

Spectacles are typically used for vision correction, such as with reading glasses and glasses used for nearsightedness; however, without the specialized lenses, they are sometimes used for cosmetic purposes.

Safety glasses provide heart protection against flying debris for construction workers or lab technicians; these glasses may have protection for the sides of the eyes besides every bit in the lenses. Some types of condom spectacles are used to protect against visible and well-nigh-visible light or radiation. Glasses are worn for centre protection in some sports, such equally squash.

Glasses wearers may use a strap to forestall the glasses from falling off. Wearers of spectacles that are used only part of the time may have the glasses attached to a string that goes around their neck, to foreclose the loss of the glasses and breaking. The loss of glasses would exist detrimental to those working in these weather.

Sunglasses let for better vision in bright daylight, and may protect one's eyes confronting damage from excessive levels of ultraviolet light. Typical sunglasses lenses are tinted for protection against bright light or polarized to remove glare; photochromatic glasses are blacked out or lightly tinted in night or indoor conditions, only plow into sunglasses when they come in contact with ultraviolet light. Most over the counter sunglasses do not have corrective power in the lenses; however, special prescription sunglasses can be made. People with conditions that have photophobia equally a primary symptom (like certain migraine disorders or Irlen syndrome) often wear sunglasses or precision tinted glasses, fifty-fifty indoors and at dark.

Specialized glasses may be used for viewing specific visual information, for example 3D glasses for 3D films (stereoscopy). Sometimes glasses are worn purely for fashion or aesthetic purposes. Fifty-fifty with spectacles used for vision correction, a broad range of fashions are available, using plastic, metallic, wire, and other materials for frames.

Types [edit]

Glasses can be marked or constitute by their principal function, but also appear in combinations such as prescription sunglasses or prophylactic glasses with enhanced magnification.

Corrective [edit]

Cosmetic lenses are used to correct refractive errors by bending the light inbound the eye in society to alleviate the effects of conditions such as nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hypermetropia) or astigmatism. The ability of i'south optics to suit their focus to almost and distant focus alters over time. A common condition in people over xl years erstwhile is presbyopia, which is caused by the eye's crystalline lens losing elasticity, progressively reducing the ability of the lens to arrange (i.e. to focus on objects close to the center). Few people have a pair of eyes that show exactly equal refractive characteristics; i eye may need a "stronger" (i.e. more than refracting) lens than the other.

Corrective lenses bring the image dorsum into focus on the retina. They are made to conform to the prescription of an ophthalmologist or optometrist. A lensmeter can be used to verify the specifications of an existing pair of glasses. Corrective eyeglasses can significantly improve the life quality of the wearer. Non only practice they enhance the wearer's visual experience, simply can also reduce problems that result from eye strain, such as headaches or squinting.

The most common blazon of corrective lens is "single vision", which has a compatible refractive index. For people with presbyopia and hyperopia, bifocal and trifocal spectacles provide ii or three different refractive indices, respectively, and progressive lenses have a continuous gradient.^[ane] Lenses can also be manufactured with loftier refractive indices, which let them to be more than lightweight and thinner than their counterparts with "low" refractive indices.

Reading spectacles provide a separate set of glasses for focusing on close-by objects. Reading glasses are available without prescription from drugstores, and offering a inexpensive, practical solution, though these take a pair of simple lenses of equal power, and then will non right refraction bug similar astigmatism or refractive or prismatic variations between the left and right eye. For the full correction of the individual'due south sight, glasses complying to a recent ophthalmic prescription are required.

People who demand glasses to encounter often have cosmetic lens restrictions on their driver's licenses that require them to wear their glasses every fourth dimension they drive or risk fines or jail fourth dimension.

Some militaries issue prescription glasses to servicemen and women. These are typically GI glasses. Many state prisons in the U.s. upshot glasses to inmates, often in the course of clear plastic aviators.

Adjustable-focus eyeglasses might be used to replace bifocals or trifocals, or might be used to produce cheaper unmarried-vision glasses (since they don't take to be custom-manufactured for every person).

Pinhole glasses are a type of corrective spectacles that do not employ a lens. Pinhole spectacles practise not actually refract the light or change focal length. Instead, they create a diffraction limited organization, which has an increased depth of field, similar to using a small-scale aperture in photography. This form of correction has many limitations that prevent information technology from gaining popularity in everyday apply. Pinhole spectacles tin can be made in a DIY fashion past making small holes in a piece of card which is and so held in front of the eyes with a strap or cardboard arms.

Prophylactic [edit]

Rubber glasses are worn to protect the eyes in various situations. They are made with intermission-proof plastic lenses to protect the eye from flight debris or other affair. Structure workers, factory workers, machinists and lab technicians are oft required to wear safety glasses to shield the eyes from flying debris or hazardous splatters such as blood or chemicals. Every bit of 2017, dentists and surgeons in Canada and other countries are required to wear condom glasses to protect against infection from patients' claret or other torso fluids. In that location are besides safety glasses for welding, which are styled similar wraparound sunglasses, but with much darker lenses, for utilise in welding where a total-sized welding helmet is inconvenient or uncomfortable. These are often called "flash goggles" because they provide protection from welding wink. Nylon frames are usually used for protective eyewear for sports because of their lightweight and flexible properties. Unlike nearly regular glasses, safety glasses frequently include protection beside the eyes as well as in front end of the eyes.

Sunglasses [edit]

Sunglasses provide more than comfort and protection against vivid lite and often against ultraviolet (UV) light. To properly protect the eyes from the dangers of UV light, sunglasses should have UV-400 blocker to provide good coverage against the unabridged light spectrum that poses a danger.^[two]

Light polarization is an added feature that can be applied to sunglass lenses. Polarization filters are positioned to remove horizontally polarized rays of calorie-free, which eliminates glare from horizontal surfaces (allowing wearers to see into water when reflected light would otherwise overwhelm the scene). Polarized sunglasses may nowadays some difficulties for pilots since reflections from h2o and other structures often used to gauge altitude may exist removed. Liquid-crystal displays emit polarized light, making them sometimes difficult to view with polarized sunglasses. Sunglasses may be worn merely for aesthetic purposes, or simply to hide the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that were popular for these reasons include tea shades and mirrorshades. Many blind people wear most opaque glasses to hide their eyes for cosmetic reasons. Many people with light sensitivity weather condition wear sunglasses or other tinted glasses to make the light more tolerable.

Sunglasses may as well take corrective lenses, which requires a prescription. Prune-on sunglasses or sunglass clips can be attached to another pair of spectacles. Some wrap-effectually sunglasses are large enough to be worn over top of some other pair of spectacles. Otherwise, many people opt to wear contact lenses to correct their vision and then that standard sunglasses tin exist used.

Mixed doubleframe [edit]

Doubleframe eyewear with ane gear up of lenses on the moving frame and another pair of lenses on a fixed frame (optional).

The double frame uplifting glasses take i moving frame with ane pair of lenses and the basic fixed frame with another pair of lenses (optional), that are connected by four-bar linkage. For example, sun lenses could be easily lifted up and downwardly while mixed with myopia lenses that always stay on. Presbyopia lenses could be also combined and hands removed from the field of view if needed without taking off glasses.

3D spectacles [edit]

The illusion of three dimensions on a 2-dimensional surface can be created by providing each centre with different visual information. 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions by filtering a signal containing data for both eyes. The indicate, often light reflected off a movie screen or emitted from an electronic display, is filtered then that each center receives a slightly unlike epitome. The filters merely piece of work for the blazon of signal they were designed for.

Anaglyph 3D glasses have a different colored filter for each eye, typically red and blue or red and greenish. A polarized 3D system on the other hand uses polarized filters. Polarized 3D glasses allow for color 3D, while the red-blue lenses produce an epitome with distorted coloration. An active shutter 3D system uses electronic shutters. Caput-mounted displays can filter the indicate electronically and then transmit calorie-free directly into the viewer's eyes.

Anaglyph and polarized glasses are distributed to audiences at 3D movies. Polarized and agile shutter glasses are used with many home theaters. Head-mounted displays are used by a unmarried person, but the input point can be shared betwixt multiple units.

Magnification (bioptics) [edit]

Glasses tin can also provide magnification that is useful for people with vision impairments or specific occupational demands. An example would be bioptics or bioptic telescopes which take small telescopes mounted on, in, or behind their regular lenses. Newer designs use smaller lightweight telescopes, which can be embedded into the corrective drinking glass and improve aesthetic advent (mini telescopic spectacles). They may have the form of self-contained glasses that resemble goggles or binoculars, or may be attached to existing glasses.

Yellow-tinted computer/gaming glasses [edit]

Xanthous tinted glasses are a blazon of glasses with a minor yellow tint. They perform minor color correction, on top of reducing eyestrain due to lack of blinking. They may too exist considered minor cosmetic unprescribed spectacles.^[3] Depending on the company, these estimator or gaming glasses can also filter out high energy blue and ultra-violet light from LCD screens, fluorescent lighting, and other sources of light. This allows for reduced middle-strain.^[four] These spectacles tin exist ordered as standard or prescription lenses that fit into standard optical frames.^[5]

Bluish-calorie-free blocking glasses [edit]

Eyeglasses that filter out bluish light from computers, smartphones and tablets are becoming increasingly popular in response to concerns about issues caused past blue light overexposure.^[6] The bug claimed range from dry eyes to eye strain, sleep cycle disruption, up to macular degeneration which can cause partial incomprehension.^[6] But research shows no measurable ultraviolet radiation from computer monitors.^{[6] [7]} Long hours of computer use may cause eye strain, not bluish lite.^{[6] [viii] [9] [10]} Many eye symptoms caused by computer use will lessen subsequently stop using the computer.^[six] Decreasing evening screen fourth dimension and setting devices to night style will amend slumber.^{[8] [11]} Blue light from computers will not lead to center diseases, including macular degeneration.^{[8] [12] [thirteen]}

The American University of Ophthalmology (AAO) doesn't recommend special eyewear for computer use,^{[6] [nine]} although it recommends using prescription glasses measured specifically for computer screen distance (depending on individuals, but possibly 20-26 inches from the face), which are not the same as "blueish-light blocking" glasses.^[xiv] The position of the Higher of Optometrists (Uk) is "the best scientific evidence currently available does not back up the use of blue-blocking spectacle lenses in the general population to meliorate visual performance, convalesce the symptoms of eye fatigue or visual discomfort, better sleep quality or conserve macula health."^[15] However, some users do find benefits, and some eye professionals believe they have benefits, at to the lowest degree for reducing centre strain.^[9]

Anti-glare protection spectacles [edit]

Anti-glare protection glasses, or blueish-lite glasses, can reduce the reflection of light that enters the eyes. Bluish-light blocking glasses are designed to filter or block blueish low-cal and reduce the centre strain from it, likely coming from electronic LED screens.^[xvi] The lenses are given an anti-glare coating to prevent reflections of light under different lighting conditions. By reducing the amount of glare on your eyes, vision can be improved.^[17]

The anti-glare likewise applies to the outer glass, thus assuasive for better eye contact.^[17]

Frames [edit]

Glasses, c.  1920s, with springy cable temples

The ophthalmic frame is the part of a pair of spectacles that is designed to hold the lenses in the proper position. Ophthalmic frames come up in a multifariousness of styles, sizes, materials, shapes, and colors.^[18]

Parts [edit]

• pair of eye wires or rims surrounding and property the lenses in identify
• bridge which connects the 2 eye wires
• chassis, the combination of the eye wires and the bridge
• top bar or brow bar, a bar just above the bridge providing structural support and/or manner enhancement (country/Grandpa style). The addition of a superlative bar makes a pair of spectacles aviator eyeglasses
• pair of brows or caps, plastic or metal caps which fit over the top of the eye wires for manner enhancement and to provide additional support for the lenses. The addition of brows makes a pair of glasses browline glasses
• pair of nose pads that allows a comfortable resting of the eye wires on the olfactory organ
• pair of pad arms connect the olfactory organ pads to the eye wires
• pair of temples (earpieces) on either side of the skull
• pair of temple tips at the ends of the temples
• pair of end pieces connect the eye wires via the hinges to the temples
• pair of frame-forepart end pieces
• pair of hinges connect the finish pieces to the temples, allowing a swivel movement. Spring-loaded flex hinges are a variant that is equipped with a small spring that affords the temples a greater range of motility and does not limit them to the traditional, 90-degree bending.

Temple types [edit]

• Skull temples: bend downwardly behind the ears, follow the contour of the skull and residue evenly confronting the skull
• Library temples: generally direct and do not bend downwards behind the ears. Concur the glasses primarily through light pressure against the side of the skull
• Convertible temples: used either as library or skull temples depending on the bent
• Riding bow temples: curve around the ear and extend downwardly to the level of the ear lobe. Used mostly on able-bodied, children's, and industrial condom frames;
• Comfort cable temples: similar to the riding bow, merely fabricated from a springy cablevision of coiled metal, sometimes inside a plastic or silicone sleeve. The tightness of the curl can be adjusted along its whole length, assuasive the frame to fit the wearer's ear curve perfectly. Used for physically active wearers, children, and people with high prescriptions (heavy lenses).^{[xix] [twenty]} Come across the image of 1920s frames to a higher place.

Materials [edit]

Plastic and polymer [edit]

• Cellulose acetate
• Optyl, a type of hypoallergenic cloth made peculiarly for eyeglass frames. Information technology features a type of elasticity that returns the cloth to its original shape.
• Cellulose propionate, a molded, durable plastic
• 3D-printed plastic using super-fine polyamide powder and Selective laser sintering processes – run across Mykita Mylon (The frames tin can be 3-D printed by Fused Filament Fabrication for pennies of ABS, PLA or nylon)^[21]
• Nylon

Metal [edit]

Various metals and alloys may be used to make glasses such every bit gold, silver, aluminum, beryllium, stainless steel, titanium, monel and nickel titanium.

Natural fabric [edit]

Also natural materials may be used such as forest, bone, ivory, leather and semi-precious or precious stones.

Corrective lens shape [edit]

Modern spectacles with a rectangular lens shape

Corrective lenses can be produced in many different shapes from a round lens called a lens blank. Lens blanks are cut to fit the shape of the frame that will agree them. Frame styles vary and mode trends change over time, resulting in a multitude of lens shapes. For lower power lenses, there are few restrictions which let for many trendy and fashionable shapes. College power lenses tin can crusade distortion of peripheral vision and may get thick and heavy if a large lens shape is used. Even so, if the lens becomes too pocket-sized, the field of view tin exist drastically reduced.

Bifocal, trifocal, and progressive lenses generally crave a taller lens shape to leave room for the unlike segments while preserving an acceptable field of view through each segment. Frames with rounded edges are the most efficient for correcting myopic prescriptions, with perfectly round frames being the nearly efficient. Before the advent of eyeglasses as a fashion particular, when frames were constructed with only functionality in mind, most all eyeglasses were either circular, oval, rectangular or curved octagons. It was not until glasses began to be seen every bit an accessory that different shapes were introduced to be more aesthetically pleasing than functional.

History [edit]

Precursors [edit]

Scattered show exists for use of visual assist devices in Greek and Roman times, virtually prominently the use of an emerald past emperor Nero every bit mentioned by Pliny the Elderberry.^[22]

The utilize of a convex lens to form an enlarged/magnified image was nigh likely described in Ptolemy's Eyes (which survives just in a poor Standard arabic translation). Ptolemy'southward description of lenses was commented upon and improved past Ibn Sahl (10th century) and most notably by Alhazen (Book of Optics, c. 1021). Latin translations of Ptolemy's Optics and of Alhazen became bachelor in Europe in the 12th century, coinciding with the evolution of "reading stones".

Robert Grosseteste'southward treatise De iride ("On the Rainbow"), written between 1220 and 1235, mentions using eyes to "read the smallest messages at incredible distances".^[23] A few years later in 1262, Roger Salary is as well known to accept written on the magnifying backdrop of lenses.^{[24] [25]} The evolution of the first eyeglasses took place in northern Italy in the second half of the 13th century.^[26]

Independently of the development of optical lenses, some cultures developed "sunglasses" for eye protection, without whatsoever corrective properties.^[27] For case, flat panes of smoky quartz were used in twelfth-century China, and the Inuit have used snowfall goggles for eye protection.^[a]

Invention [edit]

The earliest recorded comment on the utilize of lenses for optical purposes was made in 1268 by Roger Bacon, who was also the start European to have described in particular the process of making gunpowder.^[29]

The get-go eyeglasses were estimated to have been made in northern Italy, near likely in Pisa, by about 1290: In a sermon delivered on 23 February 1306, the Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa (c. 1255–1311) wrote "It is not withal xx years since there was found the art of making eyeglasses, which brand for proficient vision ... And it is so short a time that this new fine art, never before extant, was discovered. ... I saw the 1 who kickoff discovered and practiced information technology, and I talked to him."^[30]

Giordano's colleague Friar Alessandro della Spina of Pisa (d. 1313) was shortly making eyeglasses. The Ancient Chronicle of the Dominican Monastery of St. Catherine in Pisa records: "Eyeglasses, having first been made by someone else, who was unwilling to share them, he [Spina] made them and shared them with anybody with a cheerful and willing heart."^[31] Venice speedily became an important eye of manufacture, especially due to using the loftier quality glass fabricated at Murano.^[32] By 1301, there were club regulations in Venice governing the sale of eyeglasses.^[33] and a separate club of Venetian spectacle makers was formed in 1320.^[32] In the fourteenth century they were very mutual objects: Francesco Petrarca says in one of his letters that, until he was 60, he didn't need spectacles,^{[34] [35]} and Franco Sacchetti mentions them ofttimes in his Trecentonovelle.

The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses is Tommaso da Modena'southward 1352 portrait of the fundamental Hugh de Provence reading in a scriptorium. Some other early example would be a depiction of eyeglasses constitute n of the Alps in an altarpiece of the church of Bad Wildungen, Frg, in 1403. These early on spectacles had convex lenses that could correct both hyperopia (farsightedness), and the presbyopia that usually develops equally a symptom of aging. Although concave lenses for myopia (almost-sightedness) had made their beginning appearance in the mid-15th century,^[32] it was non until 1604 that Johannes Kepler published the first right explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia.^[b]

Early on frames for glasses consisted of 2 magnifying glasses riveted together by the handles so that they could grip the nose. These are referred to as "rivet spectacles". The earliest surviving examples were found under the floorboards at Kloster Wienhausen, a convent nigh Celle in Deutschland; they have been dated to circa 1400.^[38]

The world's first spectacle specialist shop opened in Strasbourg (and so Holy Roman Empire, now France) in 1466.^[39]

Other claims [edit]

The 17th century claim, by Francesco Redi, that Salvino degli Armati of Florence invented eyeglasses, in the 13th century, has been exposed as erroneous.^{[twoscore] [41]}

Marco Polo is mistakenly claimed to have encountered eyeglasses during his travels in China in the 13th century. However, no such testify appears in his accounts.^{[42] [43]} Indeed, the earliest mentions of eyeglasses in China occur in the 15th century and those Chinese sources state that eyeglasses were imported.^[44]

In 1907 Professor Berthold Laufer speculated, in his history of glasses, that for glasses to be mentioned in the literature of Red china and Europe at approximately the same time it was probable that they were not invented independently, and after ruling out the Turks, proposed India as a location.^{[45] [c]} However, Joseph Needham speculated that the mention of glasses in the Chinese manuscript Laufer used "in function" to credit the prior invention of them in Asia did not exist in older versions of that manuscript, and the reference to them in subsequently versions was added during the Ming dynasty.^[46]

In 1971 Rishi Agarwal, in an article in the British Periodical of Ophthalmology, states that Vyasatirtha was observed in possession of a pair of glasses in the 1520s, he argues that information technology "is, therefore, most likely that the use of lenses reached Europe via the Arabs, as did Hindu mathematics and the ophthalmological works of the ancient Hindu surgeon Sushruta",^[47] but all dates are given well after the existence of eyeglasses in Italy was established, and there had been significant shipments of eyeglasses from Italy to the Eye East, with one shipment as large as 24,000 spectacles.^[48]

Later developments [edit]

The American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented bifocals. Historians accept from fourth dimension to time produced evidence to suggest that others may accept preceded him in the invention; however, a correspondence betwixt George Whatley and John Fenno, editor of The Gazette of the United states, suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and mayhap 50 years earlier than had been originally thought.^[49] The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were designed by the British astronomer George Airy in 1825.^[l]

Over time, the construction of frames for glasses too evolved. Early eyepieces were designed to be either held in place by hand or by exerting pressure on the nose (pince-nez). Girolamo Savonarola suggested that eyepieces could be held in place past a ribbon passed over the wearer'southward caput, this in turn secured by the weight of a hat. The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was adult erstwhile before 1727, possibly by the British optician Edward Scarlett. These designs were not immediately successful, however, and diverse styles with attached handles such equally "scissors-spectacles" and lorgnettes were too fashionable from the second half of the 18th century and into the early 19th century.

In the early 20th century, Moritz von Rohr and Zeiss (with the help of H. Boegehold and A. Sonnefeld^[51]) developed the Zeiss Punktal spherical indicate-focus lenses that dominated the eyeglass lens field for many years. In 2008, Joshua Argent designed eyewear with adjustable corrective glasses. They work by using a congenital-in syringe to pump a silicone solution into a flexible lens.^[52]

Despite the increasing popularity of contact lenses and laser corrective eye surgery, glasses remain very common, as their technology has improved. For example, information technology is now possible to purchase frames made of special retention metallic alloys that return to their correct shape after being bent. Other frames take spring-loaded hinges. Either of these designs offer dramatically better power to withstand the stresses of daily wear and the occasional blow. Modernistic frames are also often fabricated from strong, light-weight materials such as titanium alloys, which were not bachelor in earlier times.

In way [edit]

In the 1930s, "spectacles" were described equally "medical appliances".^[53] Wearing spectacles was sometimes considered socially humiliating. In the 1970s, fashionable spectacles started to become available through manufacturers, and governments also recognized the need for stylized eyewear.^[53]

Graham Pullin describes how devices for disability, like glasses, have traditionally been designed to camouflage against the peel and restore ability without being visible.^[53] In the by, design for disability has "been less about projecting a positive prototype every bit about trying not to project an image at all".^[53] Pullin uses the case of spectacles, traditionally categorized as a medical device for "patients", and outlines how they are now described as eyewear: a fashionable accessory.^[53] Much similar other fashion designs and accessories, eyewear is created past designers, has reputable labels, and comes in collections, past season and designer.^[53] In recent years information technology has become more common for consumers to purchase eyewear with non-prescription lenses as a style accompaniment.^[53]

Guild and culture [edit]

Market [edit]

The marketplace for spectacles has been characterized as having highly inelastic demand. Advertising restrictions in the United States, for example, have correlated with college prices, suggesting that adverts make the glasses market more price-competitive.^[54] It has also been claimed to exist monopolistically competitive, as in the case of Luxottica.^{[55] [56] [57]}

There are claims that insufficiently free market contest inflates the prices of frames, which price an average of $25–$fifty U.S. to brand, to an average retail price of $300 in the United States. This claim is disputed by some in the manufacture.^{[58] [59] [60]}

Redistribution [edit]

Some organizations like Lions Clubs International,^[61] Unite For Sight,^[62] ReSpectacle,^[63] and New Eyes for the Needy provide a way to donate glasses and sunglasses to people on low incomes or no income. Unite For Sight has redistributed more 200,000 Pairs.^[64]

Fashion [edit]

Glasses - Decoration, Presi HQ, Budapest

Many people require glasses for the reasons listed above. There are many shapes, colors, and materials that tin can exist used when designing frames and lenses that can be utilized in diverse combinations. Oftentimes, the selection of a frame is made based on how information technology volition affect the appearance of the wearer. Some people with good natural eyesight like to wear eyeglasses equally a style accessory. In Japan, some companies ban women from wearing glasses.^[65]

Personal image [edit]

For most of their history, eyeglasses were seen as unfashionable, and carried several potentially negative connotations: wearing glasses caused individuals to be stigmatized and stereotyped equally pious clergymen, equally those in religious vocation were the almost probable to be literate and therefore the most probable to need reading glasses, elderly, or physically weak and passive.^{[66] [67]} The stigma began to fall away in the United States of America in the early 1900s when the popular Theodore Roosevelt was regularly photographed wearing eyeglasses, and in the 1910s when popular comedian Harold Lloyd began wearing a pair of horn-rimmed glasses as the "Glasses" character in his films.^{[66] [67]}

In the United kingdom, wearing glasses was characterised in the nineteenth century, as "a sure sign of the weakling and the mollycoddle", according to Neville Cardus, writing in 1928.^[68] "Tim" Killick was the outset professional cricketer to play while wearing glasses "continuously", after his vision deteriorated in 1897. "With their aid he placed himself in the forefront among English professionals of all-round abilities."^[68]

Since eyeglasses accept get an acceptable mode item and frequently deed as a key component in individuals' personal image. Musicians Buddy Holly and John Lennon became synonymous with the styles of heart-glasses they wore to the betoken that thick, black horn-rimmed spectacles are often chosen "Buddy Holly glasses" and perfectly round metal eyeglass frames called "John Lennon spectacles" (or, more than recently, "Harry Potter spectacles"). British comedic actor Eric Sykes was known in the U.k. for wearing thick, square, horn-rimmed spectacles, which were, in fact, a sophisticated hearing assistance that alleviated his deafness by allowing him to "hear" vibrations.^[69] Some celebrities take go so associated with their eyeglasses that they continued to wear them even afterward taking other measures against vision bug: United States Senator Barry Goldwater and comedian Drew Carey connected to wear non-prescription glasses later on being fitted for contacts and getting laser eye surgery, respectively.

Other celebrities take used glasses to differentiate themselves from the characters they play, such every bit Anne Kirkbride, who wore oversized, 1980s-manner round horn-rimmed glasses as Deirdre Barlow in the lather opera Coronation Street, and Masaharu Morimoto, who wears glasses to separate his professional persona every bit a chef from his stage persona as Iron Chef Japanese. In 2012 some NBA players wear lensless spectacles with thick plastic frames similar horn-rimmed spectacles during post-game interviews, geek chic that draws comparisons to histrion Jaleel White'south infamous styling every bit TV character Steve Urkel.^{[seventy] [71]}

In superhero fiction, eyeglasses have get a standard component of diverse heroes' disguises every bit masks, assuasive them to adopt a nondescript demeanor when they are not in their superhero personae: Superman is well known for wearing 1950s style horn-rimmed glasses as Clark Kent, while Wonder Woman wears either circular, Harold Lloyd mode glasses or 1970s mode problems-eye glasses as Diana Prince. An example of the halo issue is seen in the stereotype that those who vesture glasses are intelligent. This conventionalities tin can take positive consequences for people who wear spectacles, for example in elections. Studies show that wearing glasses increases politicians' balloter success, at to the lowest degree in Western cultures.^[72]

Styles [edit]

In the 20th century, eyeglasses came to be considered a component of style; as such, various different styles have come in and out of popularity. Nearly are still in regular utilise, albeit with varying degrees of frequency.

• Aviator sunglasses
• Browline glasses
• Bug-middle spectacles
• Cat eye glasses
• GI spectacles
• Goggles
• Horn-rimmed spectacles
• Lensless glasses
• Monocle
• Pince-nez
• Rimless glasses
• Sunglasses
• Wayfarer sunglasses
• Windsor glasses

See as well [edit]

• Adjustable-focus eyeglasses
• Baden-Powell's unilens
• Eye test
• Eyeglass prescription
• History of optics
• Ten-ray vision
• Plurale tantum

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Chinese judges wore dark spectacles to hibernate their facial expressions during court proceedings.^[28]
2. ^ In his treatise Ad Vitellionem paralipomena [Emendations (or Supplement) to Witelo] (1604), Kepler explained how eyeglass lenses compensate for the distortions that are acquired by presbyopia or myopia, so that the prototype is once once again properly focused on the retina.^{[36] [37]}
3. ^ Laufer, Berthold (1907), Geschichte der Brille (PDF), vol. half dozen, p. 26, retrieved 29 May 2019 Translation:

   I am interested in the remarks of Prof. J. HIRSCHBERG on the "History of the Invention of Glasses" published in the last consequence of this periodical (Volume VI, pp. 221–223) and the subsequent word by Prof. GÜPPERT. The book by HIRSCHBERG mentioned therein, in which his theory should be presented in detail, has not yet become accessible to me. I, therefore, limit my criticism of it as far as possible and prefer to evidence, by means of new material from Chinese literature, that the view of the original invention of glasses in Bharat is the greatest probability. HIRSCHBERG theory is highly unlikely, equally all previous experience has shown and contradicts analogies in cultural history and in the history of inventions in item; Crystal spectacles appear in the European Centre Ages, in Bharat, and in Communist china, and from the historical point of view one tin can suppose from the first that these inventions did not occur independently in each of these three cultural groups, merely that a historical connection is here nowadays.

References [edit]

1. ^ "Eyeglasses - All What You Need to Know", Eyewa Web log , retrieved 24 March 2020
2. ^ "Sunglasses not but an accompaniment in the Sunshine Land", Sun-Lookout man.com , retrieved ten April 2018
3. ^ Loria, Kevin (21 February 2017), "Estimator spectacles that claim to protect your eyes from screens are selling like crazy, but they probably aren't doing you much adept", Business organization Insider
4. ^ Heiting, Gary, "Computer Eye Strain: ten Steps For Relief", All about vision.com , retrieved 1 September 2017
5. ^ "BluTech Lenses – Technology, The story backside BluTech Lenses", BluTech Lenses
6. ^ ^{a b c d due east f} Vimont, Celia (27 April 2017), Are Estimator Spectacles Worth It?, Reviewed by Rahul Khurana, Medico, American Academy of Ophthalmology, archived from the original on 23 September 2020
7. ^ Duarte, IA; Mde F, Hafner; Malvestiti, AA (2015), "Ultraviolet radiation emitted by lamps, TVs, tablets and computers: are there risks for the population?", An Bras Dermatol, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 595–7, doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153616, PMC4560556, PMID 26375236
8. ^ ^{a b c} Porter, Daniel (xvi January 2020), Bluish Lite and Digital Eye Strain, Reviewed by Ninel Z Gregori, MD, American Academy of Ophthalmology, archived from the original on 28 Oct 2020
9. ^ ^{a b c} "Blue Light Glasses - Helpful or Just Hype?", WebMD Wellness News, sixteen Dec 2019, archived from the original on seven August 2020
10. ^ Iallonardo, Marisa (24 May 2020), Practice blue light glasses piece of work ?, Reviewed by Benjamin Bert, MD, Business Insider
11. ^ Hazanchuk, Vered (vii May 2019), Should You Use Nighttime Fashion to Reduce Blueish Light?, Reviewed by Raj K Maturi, MD, American Academy of Ophthalmology, archived from the original on 8 September 2020
12. ^ Porter, Daniel (15 Nov 2019), Digital Devices and Your Eyes, Reviewed by Ninel Z Gregori, Md, American University of Ophthalmology, archived from the original on 9 August 2020
13. ^ Caporuscio, Jessica (2 June 2020), Medically reviewed by Ann Marie Griff, O.D, "Tin blue light glasses foreclose harm to optics?", MedicalNewsToday, archived from the original on 16 October 2020
14. ^ Boyd, Kierstan (three March 2020), Computers, Digital Devices and Eye Strain, Reviewed past James 1000 Huffman, Medico, American University of Ophthalmology, archived from the original on 3 October 2020
15. ^ Blue blocking spectacle lenses - The College's position on blue blocking spectacle lenses, archived from the original on 19 September 2020, retrieved 24 October 2020
16. ^ "Is blue light from your cell telephone, Boob tube bad for your health?", health.ucdavis.edu , retrieved 29 September 2020
17. ^ ^{a b} "Anti-glare Coating", All well-nigh Vision.com , retrieved i September 2017
18. ^ Optical Course, OpticalCourse.com, retrieved vii May 2014
19. ^ Cablevision Temples, archived from the original on 27 January 2007, retrieved 27 January 2007
20. ^ "Cable conversion temple covers", www.optiboard.com
21. ^ Gwamuri, Jephias; Wittbrodt, Ben T.; Anzalone, Nick C.; Pearce, Joshua 1000. (2014), "Reversing the Trend of Large Scale and Centralization in Manufacturing: The Case of Distributed Manufacturing of Customizable 3-D-Printable Self-Adjustable Glasses", Challenges in Sustainability, vol. 2, no. i, doi:10.12924/cis2014.02010030
22. ^ Pliny the Elder. The Natural History, Volume 37, Chpt.16. John Bostock and H. T. Riley, translators. London: Taylor and Francis. 1855
23. ^ Grant, Edward, ed. (1974), A Source Book in Medieval Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Printing, p. 389, ISBN9780674823600 From Grant'due south English language translation of Robert Grosseteste's De Iride (On the rainbow) in Latin, p. 389: "This part [viz, from Aristotle's supposed treatise on optics] of perspective, if perfectly understood, shows us how to make nearby objects appear very small, and how to make a small object placed at a distance appear every bit big as nosotros wish, so that it would be possible to read minute letters from incredible distances or count sand, seeds, blades of grass, or whatever minute objects."
24. ^ Salary, Roger; Burke, Robert Belle, trans. (1962) The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon (New York: Russell & Russell, Inc.) vol. 2. Role 5, Ch. Four, p. 582. From p. 582: "For nosotros tin so shape transparent bodies, and arrange them in such a way with respect to our sight and objects of vision, that the rays will be refracted and bent in whatever management we desire, and nether any angle, we wish we shall come across the object near or at a distance. Thus from an incredible distance we might read the smallest letters and number grains of dust and sand ..."
25. ^ ...Optics Highlights: Two. Spectacles, Academy of Maryland, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, retrieved i September 2007
26. ^ Kriss, Timothy C; Kriss, Vesna Martich (April 1998), "History of the Operating Microscope: From Magnifying Glass to Microneurosurgery", Neurosurgery, vol. 42, no. four, pp. 899–907, doi:10.1097/00006123-199804000-00116, PMID 9574655
27. ^ Ament, Phil (4 December 2006), "Sunglasses History – The Invention of Sunglasses", The Great Idea Finder, Vaunt Design Grouping, archived from the original on iii July 2007, retrieved 28 June 2007
28. ^ Needham 1962, p. 121.
29. ^ "Eyeglasses | optics", Encyclopedia Britannica , retrieved 18 February 2021
30. ^ Ilardi 2007, p. 5.
31. ^ Ilardi 2007, p. 6.
32. ^ ^{a b c} Rasmussen, Seth C. (2008), "Advances in 13th Century Glass Manufacturing and Their Effect on Chemical Progress" (PDF), Bulletin for the History of Chemistry, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 29–34, retrieved 18 Oct 2021
33. ^ Ilardi 2007, p. 9.
34. ^ Petrarch (Franciscus Petrarca) mentions eyeglasses in his Epistola ad Posteros (Letter to Posterity): Petrarca, Francisci (1859), Fracassetti, Joseph (ed.), Epistolae de Rebus Familiaribus et Variae ... (in Latin), vol. 1, Florence, Italia: Felice Le Monnier, pp. ane–2, ... colore vivido inter candidum et subnigrum, vivacibus oculis et visu per longum tempus acerrimo, qui preter spem supra sexagesimum etatis annum me destituit, ut indignanti michi advertizement ocularium confugiendum esset auxilium.
35. ^ English translation: Petrarch (1914), Robinson, James Harvey; Rolfe, Henry Winchester (eds.), Petrarch: The First Mod Scholar and Human of Letters (2nd ed.), New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, p. 60, I was possessed of a clear complexion, betwixt lite and dark, lively eyes, and for long years a swell vision, which however deserted me, opposite to my hopes, afterwards I reached my sixtieth altogether, and forced me, to my peachy annoyance, to resort to glasses.
36. ^ Ilardi 2007, p. 244.
37. ^ Ronchi, Vasco; Rosen, Edward (1991), Optics: The Science of Vision, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, pp. 45–46, ISBN9780486668468
38. ^ "Rivet spectacles", www.college-optometrists.org, The College of Optometrists, 2015, retrieved 28 February 2015
39. ^ Harford, Tim (20 November 2019), "Why do billions of people notwithstanding not have glasses?", BBC News , retrieved 21 Nov 2019
40. ^ Rosen, Edward (1956), "The invention of eyeglasses", Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 11, no. ii, pp. thirteen–46 (function ane), 183–218 (function 2), doi:x.1093/jhmas/xi.two.183, PMID 13306950
41. ^ Ilardi 2007, pp. 13–18.
42. ^ Needham 1962, p. 119, footnote c.
43. ^ Hirschberg, Julius (1911), "Geschichte der Augenheilkunde" [History of Ophthamology], in Graef, Alfred K; Saemisch, Theodor (eds.), Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde [Handbook of all ophthalmology], vol. 13, Leipzig, Deutschland: Wilhelm Engelmann, pp. 265 ff Section Geschichte der Brillen (History of Eyeglasses) From pp. 266–267 (translated): "3. Do the Europeans accept the Chinese to give thanks for eyeglasses? ... Messrs. Scrini and Fortin in Paris have asserted this recently with the words: '1 knows, on the other hand, that when Marco Polo went to Red china, he learned that for a very long time already, the inhabitants had been using eyeglasses.' This assertion lacked any substantiation. Then I have closely perused the German translation of 'the books of Marco Polo' (2nd ed., Leipzig 1855) over again equally well every bit advisedly compared [that book] to the original text (the book of Marco Polo by Pauthier, Paris 1865, 2 volumes): non a syllable virtually eyeglasses in Red china is found therein. Our highly esteemed Sinologist, Prof. Graube, had the kindness to peruse also the English edition (by Yule, London 1875), with the same negative upshot. Thus the sentence of Messrs. Scrini and Fortin is to be crossed out; this error may non exist the only one to take infiltrated the literature."
44. ^ Needham 1962, p. 119.
45. ^ Laufer, Berthold (1907). "Geschichte der Brille" [History of eyeglasses]. Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften [Communications on the History of Medicine and the Sciences], 6 (four) : 379–385.
46. ^ Science and Civilisation in China Vol iv.1 (PDF), pp. 118–119, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2016, retrieved iii May 2014
47. ^ Agarwal, R. K. (1971). "Origin of spectacles in India". British Journal of Ophthalmology, 55 (ii): 128–129. National Middle for Biotechnology Information.
48. ^ Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes, Vincent Ilardi, American Philosophical Society 2007 pages 118–125
49. ^ The 'Inventor' of Bifocals?, The College of Optometrists, archived from the original on xiii June 2011
50. ^ Bruen, Robert, "Sir George Biddell Blusterous", The Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge University, Robert Bruen, retrieved 1 Jan 2014
51. ^ Eyeglass Lenses and Visual Aids from Industrial Production, Zeiss, retrieved 2 September 2007
52. ^ Whiteman, Accolade (12 November 2015), "Self-adjustable eyeglasses: how one human being'southward vision is helping others to see better", Medical News Today, Red Ventures, retrieved 25 October 2021
53. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Pullin, Graham; et al. (2009), "Manner Meets Discretion", Design Meets Disability, Cambridge: MIT Printing, pp. 13–64, ISBN9780262162555
54. ^ Benham, Lee (1972), "The Effects of Advertising on the Price of Eye Glasses", Periodical of Law and Economics, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 337–52, doi:10.1086/466740, S2CID 154878241
55. ^ Hutchinson, Dr Emma; Hutchinson, Academy of Victoria and; Emma (2017), "8.one Monopoly", Principles of Microeconomics , retrieved 6 May 2021
56. ^ Swanson, Ana, "Meet the Four-Eyed, Eight-Tentacled Monopoly That is Making Your Glasses And so Expensive", Forbes , retrieved 6 May 2021
57. ^ "Is Luxottica A Monopoly?", Financhill, 19 Jan 2021, retrieved six May 2021
58. ^ "Does Luxottica Own eighty% of the Eyeglass Industry?", snopes.com
59. ^ "Why are spectacles so expensive?", CBS News
60. ^ "Sticker daze: Why are glasses so expensive?", 60 Minutes, CBS News, 7 October 2012, retrieved xix October 2012
61. ^ Lions Eyeglasses Recycling Facts, Lions Clubs International, retrieved 20 Baronial 2008
62. ^ Donate Eyeglasses and Sunglasses, Unite For Sight, archived from the original on 20 August 2008, retrieved twenty August 2008
63. ^ The globe's online database of high quality used glasses, ReSpectacle, retrieved 11 July 2017
64. ^ "Brick Accolade Winner: Jennifer Staple", People: do something, HowStuffWorks, 20 February 2007, retrieved 20 August 2008
65. ^ Steger, Isabelle (7 November 2019), ""It gives a cold impression": Why Japanese companies ban female person staff from wearing glasses", Quartz (publication) , retrieved vii November 2019
66. ^ ^{a b} "Understanding 3-Piece Mounting", Eyewear, Seiko, archived from the original on 28 October 2008
67. ^ ^{a b} Lloyd, Annette (1996), The Manner of Harold Lloyd
68. ^ ^{a b} "The Spin | Tim Killick, the bespectacled rogue who got clattered for 34 in an over", the Guardian, 7 July 2020
69. ^ Sykes, Eric (31 December 2004), "One-act Bang-up", News, BBC
70. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Car: "Whacky NBA Playoff Manner!", YouTube , retrieved 26 June 2012
71. ^ Cacciola, Scott (14 June 2012), "NBA Finals: LeBron James, Dwyane Wade and Other Style Plates of the NBA Brand Specs of Themselves", The Wall Street Periodical (online ed.), retrieved 26 June 2012
72. ^

General bibliography [edit]

• Ilardi, Vincent (2007), Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Lodge, ISBN9780871692597 .
• Needham, Joseph (1962), "Part 1", Science & Civilisation in People's republic of china, vol. IV, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN9780521058025 .

External links [edit]

This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 31 March 2008 (2008-03-31), and does not reverberate subsequent edits.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glasses.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Glasses

• Glasses Gallery at the British Optical Clan Museum
• "Glasses", The Medieval Technology, NYU, archived from the original on 16 Oct 2015, retrieved fifteen June 2009 .
• "Are Your Eyes Correct", Popular Science (commodity), Feb 1944 , on optics and how eyeglasses right vision (folio 120).
• "Common Spectacles Styles before, during and after the Civil War" (2012 article) via the Internet Archive; Antique Eyeglasses in America.

hobbsandneas.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses

Share this post